Mohammad Javad Pourabed; Ahmad Adel Saki
Abstract
Irony is not limited to poetry alone, but is used in all literary forms, especially in short story and novel. In Arab countries, we find narrators and novelists who have mastered this method and excelled at it, treating the suffering of their people and portraying it in a photographic illustrations. ...
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Irony is not limited to poetry alone, but is used in all literary forms, especially in short story and novel. In Arab countries, we find narrators and novelists who have mastered this method and excelled at it, treating the suffering of their people and portraying it in a photographic illustrations. Mahmoud Choucair is one of the most prominent contemporary Palestinian writers and storytellers who wrote satirical stories. He used in his fictional works the satirical method to highlight the political and social facts in Palestine. The artistic creativity of the stories of Mahmoud Choucair is in his use of both easy and difficult styles simultaneously. Moreover, he uses the photographic elements in the narration, which makes his novels have a harmonious narration. He used well-known international personalities including the American ones, which led to his being marked by artistic creativity, as he succeeded in implanting the contents of these satirical stories in the minds of the readers. The necessity of research lies in the growing interest in the Palestinian cause, because it contributed to the production of a large number of literature of resistance in its various forms, including the satirical discourse. This made researchers to pay attention to his collection of stories to reveal the new and diverse visions, opinions, and methods of it. Accordingly, the study examined the Shakira's Portrait, a stylistic study, using the descriptive-analytical method, in order to reveal the levels of satirical style and its artistic value in the Shakira's Portrait and understand the methods used in its narrative structure. The results of the research indicate that the writer used various methods such as using a colloquial dialect, manipulating letters, exaggeration or caricature, and dramatic irony. The writer also relies on the blatant paradox that aims at revealing the scandal and works as a harsh criticism to correct the defect. Mahmoud Choucair made his sarcastic criticism of the authorities because they were the reason for his backwardness. He also ridiculed the hateful occupation and outdated traditions, because both are the two sides of the same coin.
mohammad javad pourabed
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
The term “door” means a passageway which allows someone to pass through and enter a place or hinders a person from entering a place. Closing of a “door” or its opening denotes a set of feelings, emotions and reactions to reality. As a word, “door” is one ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
The term “door” means a passageway which allows someone to pass through and enter a place or hinders a person from entering a place. Closing of a “door” or its opening denotes a set of feelings, emotions and reactions to reality. As a word, “door” is one of the shared themes among contemporary poets, particularly realist ones. They have expanded the semantic field of this word, utilizing it in many various senses which are rooted in traditions and subconscious of Arab people. A large number of these senses are literal, with others being figurative and cryptic; for life has varied conditions and situations, some of which are completely tangible and real while others are implicit. Among the real and original functions of this term the following can be mentioned: It is a passage for passing through, protection and safety and a means for freedom or punishment.
contemporary poets, such as the Iraqi poet al-Sayyab, adhere to this point of view; al-Sayyab, who similar to his contemporaries lived a sorrowful, penurious, calamitous life and lived in a country which was brimming with misfortune and misery all over, has frequently used this word in various meanings, expanding its senses and using them to denote such concepts as hope, failure, anticipation, remorse, confusion, break down and etc.
This word has been used more than one hundred and fifty times in al-Sayyab's poems and is considered among the terms which he has used with high frequency. Such a high frequency of usage is a testament to its semantic evolution and its horizons of meaning, making it a versatile term capable of adhering to those horizons of meaning; drawing on the traditional backing of this word, he has utilized it in mystic and figurative senses, making it a means for transferring his emotions and experiences. However, the evolution of the word “door” in the poems of al-Sayyab are as follows: Fear and security, limitation and freedom, hope and despair, destruction and prosperity, protection and impediment, seclusion and communication
2. Theoretical Framework
Considering the literal and figurative senses of the word “door” in the Arabic heritage, the present study aims to follow the semantic evolution of this word in al-Sayyab's poems. This frequently used word in al-Sayyab's poetry is intertwined with the other words in context and the poet has deemed it appropriate for expressing emotions; therefore, drawing on the Arabic heritage, he has made his context serve the semantic evolution of this word, and has expanded its semantic field, just like other frequently used words. Another point in this regard is that al-Sayyab's views this word in a paradoxical way and the contrasting senses in which the poet has used this term in his poetry is a testament to his tumultuous, eventful life.
3. Research Methodology
The methodology used in this study is a descriptive-analytical one. First, the odes in which the word “door” has been used are extracted from the poet's oeuvre and afterward, through presentation of some examples, the semantic evolution of this word in the poems of al-Sayyab is discussed. Another point which has been considered in the analysis is the Context along with the style of the poems.
4. Conclusion
The poet has used the word “door” one hundred and fifty times. This high frequency of usage reveals that this word is not just a word, but a constellation of feelings, emotions, and reactions manifested in it and signify the paradoxical views of the poets pertaining the real world and his surroundings which are at times positive and at others negative: fear and security, freedom and captivity, hope and despair, prosperity and destruction, protection and impediment, seclusion and communication.
Following the evaluation of the word “door” and its semantic evolution in al-Sayyab's poetry it was found that:
1. The poet, owing to his sorrowful, destitute, miserable, calamitous, tumultuous life has used this word in a wide range, with various meanings. The context in which this word has been used has clothed this word in a figurative, cryptic sense, giving it varied connotations and expanding its semantic field, placing it in various domains, with some having a negative and others having a positive connotation.
2. Al-Sayyab's positive viewpoint concerning the word “door” hinges upon and is manifest in the following concepts: standing and anticipation, protection and safety, putting an end to deprivation, and finally prosperity and refuge.
3. Contrary to this positive view, al-Sayyab considers “door” in a negative way: The closure of the “door” in his opinion is synonymous with inability, deprivation, failure, impediment, despair, fear, together with lack of affection and freedom. Al-Sayyab, through this negative point of view, delivers images of an unsuccessful, failed life to his audience; a life from which freshness and rejuvenation is all but gone, in the poet's point of view.
